Page 1 of 11
Journal for Studies in Management and Planning
Available at http://internationaljournalofresearch.org/index.php/JSMaP
e-ISSN: 2395-0463
Volume 01 Issue 10
November 2015
Available online: http://internationaljournalofresearch.org/ P a g e | 11
A Study of Time Management In Relation To Stress
and Self-Efficacy among Married Working and Non- Working Women
Dr. Gargi Sharma ; Dr. Monika Sanger
1 Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology Manipal University Jaipur.
1 Co-worker Education at SOS children village India
Email id –gargisharma26@gmail.com.; Email id-sangermonika@gmail.com.
Absteact
The main aim of the present
study was to examine if there was
significant difference between working
and non-working married women on
time management, stress and self- efficacy. The sample was consisted of
150 married women (75 working
married women and 75 non-working
married women).Self- Efficacy scale
(Sood), Stress Scale (Kaur, Kumar and
Mehta) and Time Management scale
(developed by investigator) were used to
measure self-efficacy, stress and time
management respectively. For analysis
of the data t- test was used. Result
showed that there was a difference
between working and non-working
married women regarding their time
management, but there was no
significant difference between working
and non-working married women
regarding self efficacy and stress.
Keywords: Time Management, Stress,
Self Efficacy, Working Married Women,
Non-Working Married Women.
INTRODUCTION
One of the most challenging
aspects in life is time management.
In the current fast changing
environment, time
management is very important in
both personal and professional life.
Keeping pace with today’s fast
changing society and fast growing
economy, not only the professionals
are trying to be maximally efficient
in their multifaceted roles, but also
the organizations are highly
emphasizing on being productive as
well as effective. Being effective
also means being constructive and
using time positively. “Time” being
the most finite and scarce resource,
needs to be planned and managed.
Managing ones time does not mean
the quantity of time utilized but how
well it is utilized.
Durbin(1997) refers to time
management as process of
structuring and organizing time to
result in better productivity and also
to ensure a high quality of living for
Page 2 of 11
Journal for Studies in Management and Planning
Available at http://internationaljournalofresearch.org/index.php/JSMaP
e-ISSN: 2395-0463
Volume 01 Issue 10
November 2015
Available online: http://internationaljournalofresearch.org/ P a g e | 12
individuals. Thus the key to time
management is to gain control of
one’s time a working smarter and not
harder as ‘time management is more
concerned with thinking than doing.
Time management is the art of
arranging, organizing, scheduling,
and budgeting one’s time for the
purpose of generating more effective
work and productivity. Good time
management involves keeping a
schedule of the tasks and activities
that have been deemed important.
Keeping a calendar or daily planner
is helpful to stay on task, but self- discipline is also required. The most
efficient to-do list in the world will
not help someone who does not look
at or follow his own daily planner.
A survey of the population of
married Indian women indicates wide
individual differences in the mental and
physical capacities of married Indian
women. These married women achieve
different levels of education, social and
economic status in their society as a
result of their varying inherited
potentialities and the varying
opportunities that they receive since
their birth.
Although nature has gifted
varying levels of abilities and
opportunities to different women, the
time gifted to each individual women for
a single day is the same i.e. 24 hours
each woman tries to spend these limited
24 hours in such a way so as to have
maximum satisfaction from life. It
depends upon their needs and values
how they spent their valuable yet limited
time each day. Apart from the routine
activities there are certain activities for
which a particular set of women would
definitely spare some time for example
women with hedonistic values would
spend time for entertainment activities
and those with high spiritual values
would spare some time for meditation,
religious practice and charitable
activities. The total time of 24 hours a
day would therefore be classified into
four categories in the time management
scale
1) Time spent on Routine Personal
Activities
2) Time spent on Family oriented
activities
3) Time spent on entertainment
activities
4) Time spent on spiritual activities.
Page 3 of 11
Journal for Studies in Management and Planning
Available at http://internationaljournalofresearch.org/index.php/JSMaP
e-ISSN: 2395-0463
Volume 01 Issue 10
November 2015
Available online: http://internationaljournalofresearch.org/ P a g e | 13
Life is full of struggles
against the obstacles, challenges and
threats in our environment. Success
is most often measured not in the
defense of set points, but in our
ability to adapt to such conditions,
and the ease with which such
adaptation occurs. Throughout
history, people have lived in close
relationship to nature in developing
the special skills and traits necessary
for their survival. Thus adaptation
not stability is the essence of life,
biological fitness and
health.(Seley,1978)
Stress is unavoidable
consequences of life; it afflicts
people regardless of their life
situation. Stress everywhere within
the family, business,
organization/enterprise and any other
social or economic activity. Right
from the time of birth to the last
breathe drawn, an individual is
invariably exposed to various
stressful situation. The 21st century
is experiencing on era of rapid
changes, complexities, challenges
and pressures to survive than any
other time. Stress is physiological,
emotional and psychological reaction
to certain threatening environmental
events. It refers to the amount of a
person’s psychological energy
released, in response to a stimulus
situation exceeding from what he can
constructively use.
In modern life stress is a
common problem. The negative
effects of stress affect individual’s
health and performance. As a result,
individuals have their own stress
perceptions and they develop
different kinds of strategies in order
to manage stressful situations.
Culture is a relevant aspect that
influences this process. Considering
that stress is presented in different
dimension of daily life, educational
experiences can also be perceived as
stressful. In addition, stress could be
strongly experienced at work, and to
be teacher is considered one of the
most stressful jobs.
The concept of stress is first
introduced in life science by Hens
Selye in 1936.The word stress is
derived from Latin word “stringerd”.
Stress was popularly used in 17th
